Imagine a state-of-the-art plant that manufactures electronics and uses software from the 90s to control machines and equipment. It sounds absurd, right? Yet, many companies unknowingly let such situations happen by ignoring the IoT firmware update. Very often, businesses only realize the importance of these updates when their operations are disrupted due to lagging devices and machines or, even worse, when their devices are hacked and data is compromised. 

If you don’t want your business to make the list of companies with headline-grabbing cybersecurity failures, you should start to think about IoT device firmware today. So, what is firmware, why is it so important, and how can regular updates protect your enterprise? Our experts in IoT software development services answered all these questions and shared tips on the best ways to introduce a sure-way firmware update strategy for your IoT solutions.

What is IoT Firmware?

A lot of people and organizations alike use Internet of Things (IoT) devices (smart thermostats, connected refrigerators, industrial machinery, cars, etc.) every day. But have you ever stopped to think about what actually makes these devices intelligent? Firmware is that particular component.

Firmware is a special kind of software that is placed directly into the device’s hardware. Unlike regular software that you can easily install and uninstall from your device, firmware is a set of permanent instructions stored on a chip within the device itself, typically pre-programmed during manufacturing. In fact, it’s the intermediary between two other components, the hardware, and the higher-level software, and ensures IoT connectivity.

Let’s take a car. The engine and chassis of the car are the hardware, while the navigation system is the new software you might install. Firmware, in this case, is the car’s onboard computer program that controls essential functions like fuel injection and braking.

While it’s more or less clear what hardware is, it’s harder to see the difference between software and IoT firmware. So, let’s clarify those moments.

• Hardware is the physical structure of the device – the circuit boards, sensors, chips, etc.
• Software is the program you can install and run on the device, often with a user interface. For example, mobile apps on your phone that you use to control your devices.
• Firmware is the low-level code that directly interacts with the hardware and enables the device to perform its basic functions and communicate with other devices. In a thermostat, for example, firmware ensures the temperature sensor reads correctly and sends that data to the display.

Feature	Hardware	Software	Firmware
User Interaction	None	High	Low (may not be user-facing)
Updatability	Limited or non-existent	Frequent updates	Occasional updates
Examples	Processors, RAM, hard drives, sensors, displays	Operating systems, mobile apps, desktop programs	Device drivers, BIOS, router firmware
Main Responsibility	Provides physical foundation	Performs specific tasks and offers user functionality	Controls basic functionalities and interacts with hardware

How Firmware Controls and Manages IoT Devices

Firmware is the nervous system of devices and IoT architecture. It tells how to interact with other devices and respond to user commands. Without firmware, the smart devices we know would be like robots without instructions—full of potential but clueless about what to do. 

Let’s see how firmware functions in different IoT devices we use or face every day:

1. Wearables

Firmware in a fitness tracker or smartwatch governs a multitude of tasks. It collects data from multiple wearables’ built-in sensors (heart rate monitors, accelerometers, GPS, and more). Then, it’s again firmware that processes the collected data to calculate steps taken, distance traveled, or calories burned. The firmware also syncs this information with a mobile app you use to store and analyze data.

2. Security Cameras

Security cameras depend on firmware for some fundamental operations as well. For instance, the firmware manages video capture and recording; namely, it controls video quality, resolution, and frame rate factors, among others. It also activates night vision mode in low light conditions, starts recording, and alerts when sensors detect motion. Due to firmware, the camera connects to a Wi-Fi network and sends footage to a central server or cloud storage.

3. Smart Locks

Sometimes, we all experience that nagging worry about whether we locked the door when we left home or the office. Smart locks offer peace of mind. A part of a smart home system or a standalone solution, smart locks control the locking mechanism, manage access codes, and log entry times. The lock’s firmware allows remote locking and unlocking, so you can secure your home or office from anywhere. 

4. Smart Lights

The lights can adjust to your presence and mood automatically, and the firmware’s role in smart lighting systems is key. It manages the communication between the light bulbs and your smart home hub, which lets you dim lights, change colors, or set schedules. Also, thanks to firmware, the lights can respond to voice commands and connect easily with other smart devices.

Common Vulnerabilities in IoT Devices

Despite the anticipated major impact of IoT technology on our economy, these smart devices are notorious for their relatively weak security. In fact, it’s difficult to secure a vast network of IoT devices where each presents a potential point of entry for malicious actors. The Mirai botnet revealed the possible dangers of compromised IoT devices. We witnessed how IoT security vulnerabilities can be used to organize large-scale DDoS attacks that target critical infrastructures. Here’s the list of the most common security risks that threaten IoT devices:

Outdated Firmware

Let’s assume you drive a car with a decade-old GPS. It might still work, but it won’t guide you through newly constructed roads or warn you about recent traffic patterns. Similarly, IoT devices that run on outdated firmware are at a significant disadvantage. The firmware security directly impacts the device’s ability to confront cyber threats and vulnerabilities.

It might seem that since the device still works regardless of the IoT firmware update, so why should you bother? Because out-of-date firmware is a hacker’s best friend, often riddled with security holes that can be easily exploited. According to the OWASP list of IoT Top 10 vulnerabilities, lack of secure update mechanisms and firmware update failure are the fourth most common reason why IoT devices are compromised. Therefore, neglecting IoT updates leaves the devices exposed to numerous threats:

• Exploiting known vulnerabilities. Hackers constantly search for weaknesses in software. Outdated firmware with unpatched vulnerabilities creates easy entry points for attackers to gain remote access to devices and potentially the entire network.
• Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks. Cybercriminals can make use of obsolete firmware to take control of devices and launch coordinated attacks that overwhelm networks with traffic.
• Data breaches. If an attacker compromises an IoT device, they could steal sensitive data, such as login credentials, security footage, or any other valuable information.

Weak Passwords

It’s hard to believe that someone might still be unaware of the dangers of weak passwords, yet the fact is many IoT devices come with default passwords like “admin” or “1234.” Hackers know about it and gladly exploit it. Changing default passwords to unique ones that are stronger than “password” is a simple but effective way to increase your device’s security.

Aim for a password that involves lower and upper case letters, numbers, and special characters to set a strong password. Yes, it takes time and effort, but it’s a minor cost for superior security. Moreover, there are many password managers that generate and store passwords for you, so you don’t need to remember complex combinations for each of your IoT devices. 

Lack of Encryption

Cryptographic encryption converts data into a code that requires a special key to decipher and use. Without that key, it’s extremely difficult for unauthorized parties to decode the encrypted information, which complicates any attempt to intercept or manipulate the data. Data is the most vulnerable when in transit, and if it’s unencrypted, malicious actors can easily access and make use of it. That’s why you should check your devices in terms of encryption support and make sure it’s activated. 

Poor Network Security

The security of your IoT devices largely depends on the network’s security they are connected to. Outdated routers, weak Wi-Fi passwords, or unsecured network protocols can create a weak link in your security chain. Your network infrastructure must be up-to-date and be protected with strong passwords and encryption.

Also, we recommend creating a dedicated network for your IoT devices to enhance security. By doing so, if one device is breached, it won’t grant a direct gateway to your primary network and sensitive data.

Importance of Regular Firmware Updates

The absence of an IoT device update and firmware vulnerabilities put your business and consumer’s information at risk. If we take life-or-death wearables like insulin pumps or pacemakers, the stakes are even higher. The malfunction of some devices can threaten people’s health, disrupt critical infrastructure, or endanger national security. What’s more, the interconnectedness of IoT, which is widely considered a benefit, also has negative sides. If at least one device is compromised, there’s a risk of the entire system being infiltrated, causing widespread disruption.  

How Firmware Updates Enhance Security

Since firmware is one of the most critical elements of IoT for its proper function, regular IoT firmware updates are key to proper IoT device security and reliability. Let’s understand how updating IoT devices helps businesses maintain high levels of protection and performance:   

Patching known vulnerabilities. Firmware updates often include patches that address known security holes hackers look for in the first place when they want to gain access to an IoT system or steal data. Updating your firmware ensures these vulnerabilities are closed, which leaves hackers with nowhere to sneak in.

Improving encryption and authentication protocols. IoT firmware security updates enhance the devices’ current authentication protocols and encryption methods, which also become outdated with time. Encryption converts information into an indecipherable code, so that even if data is got into the hands of hackers, deciphering it is virtually impossible if they don’t have keys. Stronger authentication protocols ensure that only authorized devices and users can connect to an IoT system.

Adding new security features. Manufacturers don’t stop developing new features and functionalities to upgrade connected devices. Firmware updates introduce these advancements to your device to enhance your device’s protection against new cyber threats. Improved intrusion detection capabilities, multi-factor authentication, and secure boot protocols are some of the modern security features that safeguard IoT devices. 

Read more on IoT device security concepts.

Benefits of Regular Firmware Updates

Nobody will argue the importance of firmware security updates for IoT devices when it comes to cybersecurity. Yet, in addition to better device protection, there are a number of other reasons why businesses try to update IoT devices on a regular basis.  

• Enhanced device performance. Firmware is a computer program that becomes outdated and inefficient over time. That’s why it requires updates (not as frequent as software) intended to address bugs and performance bottlenecks within the device’s code. In a nutshell, it helps devices improve their ability to interact with other connected systems and adapt to new technologies. So, if you lately notice that some of your IoT equipment lags or flickers, firmware updates will fix it, accelerate processing speeds and improve the overall responsiveness of your IoT devices. In turn, this enhances your ability to control IoT devices.

Related: How to Build an IoT Dashboard to improve the control over IoT devices. 

• Increased lifespan of IoT devices. The technology landscape progresses at a breakneck speed, which can quickly leave IoT devices obsolete before their physical hardware reaches the end of its lifespan. Regular firmware updates ensure your devices remain compatible with the latest communication protocols and standards. Thus, the usable life of your IoT investments extends, and you can get the most out of them for a longer period.

• Compliance with industry standards and regulations. Certain industries, such as healthcare or finance, have strict regulations regarding data security and device functionality. Outdated firmware puts your organization at risk of non-compliance, followed by hefty fines or operational disruptions. IoT updates are exactly what help you stay compliant and maintain the proper protection levels. For example, a secure firmware update mechanism might enhance data encryption protocols to comply with new cybersecurity regulations to keep your business in line with legal expectations.

The Process of Implementing Firmware Updates

Unlike those software updates familiar to everyone, and that take just a few minutes and one click to update, updating firmware for IoT devices isn’t always easy. Establishing reliable connections with remote devices can be tricky. Update errors can be hard to troubleshoot. And to top it all off, simply identifying which devices need updates can be a confusing task. So, how to update IoT devices in the most hassle-free and easy way, you may ask? We would answer that the right preparation and understanding of the process are key. Here’s what a proper IoT device update looks like.

Preparing for an Update

Thorough preparation is 90% of successful firmware updates; the rest depends on careful execution and monitoring. That’s why dedicate your time and resources to take all the necessary steps to ensure a smooth updating process that doesn’t disrupt your operations. 

1. Back Up Your Data and Configurations 

Firmware updates can sometimes reset your device settings or, in rare cases, cause data loss. It’s always a good practice to back up any critical data or configurations associated with your IoT device management (sensor readings, personalized settings, automation routines, etc.). Refer to your device’s manual or manufacturer’s website for specific instructions on how to back up data. Or you can hire IoT developers to assist with the process. 

2. Identify the Correct Update 

Make sure you download the new update specifically designed for your concrete device model. Otherwise, an incorrect update can lead to malfunctions or even permanently brick your device. Most manufacturers provide firmware updates directly on their websites or through dedicated mobile apps.

3. Check for Compatibility 

Verify that your device is compatible with the update you downloaded.  Some updates might require a specific minimum firmware version to be installed first. If any doubts, consult the manufacturer’s update notes or instructions.

4. Schedule Downtime

Firmware updates can take some time and may temporarily disrupt the device’s functionality. To lower the impact on your operations, schedule the update when its activity is low or not so important. 

5. Ensure a Stable Power Source 

Many firmware updates can fail if the device loses power during the process. Make sure your device is plugged into a reliable power source or has sufficient battery life before you initiate the update.

Executing the Update

Now, as you’ve prepared for the firmware security update-backed up your data and checked compatibility, you can proceed with the actual installation. Here, you have two options for delivering updates, which we are going to review.  

Over-the-Air (OTA) Updates

OTA or air updates are the most convenient method, allowing devices to download and install updates automatically without manual intervention. What it needs for an update to be performed is a wireless connection, such as Wi-Fi or cellular data. Many modern IoT devices support OTA updates, which simplifies the update process for users.

Manual Updates

For older devices or those without OTA capabilities, manual updates are the only way to keep them functioning properly. To perform manual updates, you should download the update file to a computer, transfer it to the device (often via USB or SD card), and then initiate the update process on the device itself. Clearly, it requires more user involvement but is still feasible for many IoT devices.

Factors	OTA Updates	Manual Updates
Convenience	Can update multiple devices remotely without physical access	Requires physical access to each device
Scalability	Excellent for large networks of devices	Challenging for large update deployment
Disruption	Can schedule updates during off-peak hours	Updates need to be done during a specific time window
Network Dependency	Requires a stable internet connection	Updates are performed offline
Security	Needs secure transmission protocols to ensure safe updates	Lower risk of transmission interception, but physical security is required
Control	Centralized management, but dependent on network stability	Direct control and monitoring of the update process
Time Efficiency	Can update many devices simultaneously	Each device must be updated individually
Ease	Automated processes	Can be complex
Cost	Potentially higher due to the need for a robust network infrastructure	Mainly involves labor and minimal equipment
Error Handling	Automated error detection and logging	Immediate, hands-on troubleshooting possible

Step-by-Step Guide to Applying an Update

Whether you choose OTA or manual updates, there are some basic steps to follow if you want your IoT device updates undergo smoothly.

1. Check for Updates 

Most devices have a built-in feature to check for available updates. You can access this feature through the device’s settings or control app.

2. Download the Update 

If an update is available, initiate the download process. This might require a stable internet connection.

3. Prepare the Device 

Ensure your device is fully charged or connected to a power source. Some updates may require a specific device state, such as being in idle mode.

4. Backup Data

Double-check that all critical data and configurations have been backed up to prevent information loss and be able to quickly restore settings if needed.

5. Start the Update 

Once the download is complete, start the update process, which usually involves a confirmation prompt.

6. Installation 

The device will begin installing the new firmware. This process can take several minutes, and it’s crucial not to interrupt it.

7. Device Restart 

After the installation, the device may need to restart. Allow the device to complete the restart process before using it again.

Post-Update Steps

Congratulations! You’ve completed the firmware security update. Now, you want to make sure it is running smoothly and fix any bumps in the road. Here’s how to do it:

• Check the firmware version. Go to the device settings or use the device management portal to verify the firmware version. It should reflect the latest update you just installed.
• Test core functions. Run through the primary functions of your IoT device. If it’s a security camera, check the video feed and motion detection. Ensure the gadget works as expected.
• Monitor device performance. Keep an eye on the device for a few hours or days. Look out for any unusual behavior, such as random reboots or unresponsive controls. This will help you catch any issues that might not be immediately apparent.
• Check connectivity. Ensure the device maintains a stable connection with your network and other connected devices. Intermittent connectivity issues can be a sign of an unsuccessful update.

It’s great if the update was successful and no hitches or post-update issues arose. However, sometimes, IoT firmware updates can introduce unforeseen complications or malfunctions. We outlined the most common issues our clients encountered and the common ways to overcome them. 

Issue	Solution
Device Not Responding	If the device becomes unresponsive after the update, try restarting it. Unplug it, wait a few seconds, and then plug it back in. This simple step can often resolve minor glitches.
Firmware Version Not Updated	If the device still shows the old firmware version, the update may not have been applied correctly. Reattempt the update, ensuring that the device is properly connected and powered during the process.
Performance Issues	If the device started to lag or behave erratically, check for any background processes that might be hogging resources. Sometimes, a factory reset (after backing up your data) can help resolve these issues.
Connectivity Problems	If the device has trouble connecting to your network, check your Wi-Fi or network settings. Ensure the network is stable and that there are no interference issues. Sometimes, the network settings reset on the device can help re-establish a strong connection.
Error Messages	If you encounter specific error messages, refer to the manufacturer’s support documentation or website. Many common errors as well as steps to solve the issues are documented.

Document everything. Keeping detailed records of the update process is what will help you with troubleshooting and serve as a future reference. With well-documented update processes, you can easily track the update history of your IoT devices, identify patterns, and resolve issues more efficiently.

Implementing Effective Firmware Update Strategies

A well-thought-out firmware update policy can make all the difference in IoT update management. Our IoT specialists share their expertise on how to develop and enforce an efficient update policy and tips for scheduling and conducting package updates. 

Developing a Firmware Update Policy

This policy outlines the rules and procedures aimed to ensure every IoT device is up-to-date and secure. Here’s how to create and enforce an effective firmware update policy:

Step 1: Assess Your Needs

Start by assessing your organization’s needs. Outline the types of IoT devices you have, their roles, and how critical they are to your operations. For instance, a smart thermostat may not be as critical as an insulin pump if you operate in healthcare.

Step 2: Define the Policy Scope

Determine which devices are covered, what types of updates are included (e.g., security patches, feature enhancements), and who is responsible for implementing these updates. Ensure your policy covers all the aspects yet is flexible to adapt to changes.

Step 3: Establish Update Frequency

Decide how often you will check for and apply updates. This can vary depending on the device and its importance. Critical devices might need more frequent updates, while others can be updated less often. 

Step 4: Create a Backup Plan

Always back up critical data and configurations. Outline clear procedures for backing up and restoring data in your policy so that in case of unforeseen issues during the update, you can quickly revert to the previous state without losing valuable information.

Step 5: Schedule Updates

Use automation tools to schedule and deploy updates with minimal disruptions. Clearly communicate the schedule to all relevant stakeholders to avoid surprises and ensure everyone is prepared.

Step 6: Security Measures 

Implement security measures to protect the firmware update process from tampering or unauthorized access.

Step 7: Document and Monitor

Keep detailed records of all updates (dates, devices updated, any issues encountered, etc.) and use them to identify patterns or recurring problems. Monitoring helps you refine your update strategy over time.

Best practices for scheduling and conducting updates

We strongly suggest you follow these best practices and tips to avoid common pitfalls and improve your IoT update management: 

• Automate where possible. The more elements of the update process automated, the fewer chances for human error and the smoother the IoT device firmware update will be.
• Test updates in a controlled production environment to detect any issues without affecting your entire network.
• Communicate clearly the benefits, potential downtime, and any actions required from all stakeholders.
• Stay informed of the latest firmware updates and security patches from your device manufacturers. Subscribe to newsletters, follow relevant blogs, and participate in industry forums.
• Review and Improve. Regularly review your firmware update policy and processes. Gather feedback from your team and stakeholders to identify areas for improvement.

Automated vs. Manual Firmware Updates

The choice between automated and manual firmware updates depends on several factors, including device type, network bandwidth, and organizational preferences. Here’s a table comparing the pros and cons of automated and manual updates to help you select the most suited option.

	Automated updates	Manual updates
Pros	Convenient, efficient, ensures up-to-date devices, reduces human error.	Control over update timing, potential for thorough testing, avoids unexpected downtime
Cons	Potential for unexpected issues, limited control over the update process, increased data usage	Time-consuming, requires resources, increased risk of human error, potential for delayed updates
Best suited for	Large-scale deployments, devices with stable performance history, environments prioritizing uptime	Critical systems, devices with complex configurations, environments requiring rigorous testing
Scenarios	Consumer devices, industrial IoT devices with minimal downtime requirements	Medical devices, industrial control systems, devices with high-security needs

In many cases, a hybrid approach combining both automated and manual updates can be the most effective strategy. For example, critical devices or those with a history of update issues might benefit from manual updates, while less critical devices can be updated automatically.

Ensuring Compatibility and Reliability

You’ve just received a new IoT firmware update. It’s tempting to deploy it immediately across all devices, but rushing in can lead to unforeseen problems. But it would be wise to test updates before deployment. 

To do that, set up a controlled environment that mimics your actual IoT deployment. You can create a small subset of devices that represent the various models and configurations in use within your network. Testing in a well-simulated real-world yet safe environment will help you find any potential issues before they affect your entire network.

Check that the new firmware integrates well with existing systems and devices. Test core functions, performance, and security features, among other things. For instance, if you’re updating security cameras, ensure the video feed, motion detection, and connectivity all function as expected.

Even with thorough testing, updates can sometimes go wrong when deployed at scale. In such situations, a rollback plan comes in handy. Here are some tips on how to manage update rollbacks effectively:

• Backup creation. Regularly back up device configurations and data before updates to facilitate restoration.
• Rollback procedure. If the new IoT firmware update causes significant problems, initiate the rollback process. Use the backup to restore devices to their previous state. Ensure that the rollback process is well-documented and can be executed quickly to minimize downtime.
• Testing rollback process. Practice the rollback process in a controlled environment to ensure its effectiveness.
• Communication plan. Develop a communication strategy to inform users about the rollback process and its potential impact.

IoT Firmware Update: Summary

If you run a business, you understand how critical it is to update IoT devices in time before obsolete technology starts to bring inconveniences and disruptions. Firmware updates on a regular basis are a solution to many issues: bugs, poor security, limited functionality, and more. 

If you want to elevate your IoT update management and enjoy uninterrupted operations, turn to Relevant experts. Here, we offer top-notch IoT services and support options that perfectly meet all your needs. Our team of IT professionals can deliver seamless firmware updates along with a suite of additional services:

• Robust data protection measures
• Seamless integration of on-premise and cloud systems
• Flexible support tailored to your specific needs

Contact us to learn more about how Relevant can help you.